1. Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois2Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern Uni
2. Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois3Northwestern Institute for Comparative Effectiveness Research in Onc
3. Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois5School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, Barnes Jewish Hospital, St Louis, Missouri6Center for Health Policy, Olin Business
4. Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
5. Center for Health Services Research, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington
6. Department of Health Policy and Management, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts11Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
7. Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois12Department of Surgery, University of California–Los Angeles13VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California