Alpha-Synuclein: The Interplay of Pathology, Neuroinflammation, and Environmental Factors in Parkinson’s Disease

Abstract

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial, chronic, and progressive neurodegenerative disease. α-Synuclein (α-syn), which is the main protein component of Lewy bodies, plays an important role in the pathological hallmarks of PD. However, the pathological function of α-syn and the molecular mechanisms responsible for the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons are still elusive. <b><i>Summary:</i></b> Cumulative evidence implicates that abnormal processing of α-syn will be predicted to lead to pathological changes in PD. <b><i>Key Messages:</i></b> In this review, we summarize the structure and physiological function of α-syn, and further discuss the interplay of pathology, neuroinflammation, and environmental factors in PD. Additionally, we suggest future directions for understanding the toxicity of α-syn to neurons, which may ultimately encourage us to better design disease-modifying therapeutic strategies for PD.