Sensitization against Fungi in Patients with Airway Allergies over 20 Years in Germany

Abstract

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Fungal spores are ubiquitous allergens. Severe forms of asthma are particularly highly associated with fungal sensitization. National and international asthma guidelines recommend the implementation of allergen immunotherapy if indicated. Thus, detection and treatment of relevant allergies are key components of primary care of these patients. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aims of the study were (i) to investigate trends in the prevalence of sensitization to twelve fungi in central Germany over the last 20 years and (ii) to dissect specific sensitization patterns among the 3 most important fungi: <i>Aspergillus</i>, <i>Alternaria</i>, and <i>Cladosporium</i>. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> This single-center study evaluated skin prick test (SPT) results of 3,358 patients with suspected airway allergies over a period of 20 years (1998–2017). <b><i>Results:</i></b> While 19.2% of all study patients had positive test results to at least 1 of the 3 fungi (<i>Alternaria</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i>, or <i>Cladosporium</i>) in the first study decade, this rate increased to 22.5% in the second decade. Slight increases in sensitization rates to almost all fungi were observed over the 20-year period. In the last decade, polysensitization to <i>Alternaria</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i>, and <i>Cladosporium</i> increased significantly. Sensitization to fungi is age-dependent and peaks in the age-group of 21–40 years during the second decade. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Fungi are relevant allergens for perennial and seasonal allergy symptoms. We currently recommend including <i>Aspergillus</i>, <i>Alternaria</i>, and <i>Cladosporium</i> in the standard series of SPTs for airway allergies.