Positive Iron Balance in Chronic Kidney Disease: How Much is Too Much and How to Tell?

Abstract

Background: Regulation of body iron occurs at cellular, tissue, and systemic levels. In healthy individuals, iron absorption and losses are minimal, creating a virtually closed system. In the setting of chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis (HD), increased iron losses, reduced iron absorption, and limited iron availability lead to iron deficiency. Intravenous (IV) iron therapy is frequently prescribed to replace lost iron, but determining an individual’s iron balance and stores can be challenging and imprecise, contributing to uncertainty about the long-term safety of IV iron therapy. Summary: Patients on HD receiving judicious doses of IV iron are likely to be in a state of positive iron balance, yet this does not appear to confer an overt risk for clinically relevant iron toxicity. The concomitant use of iron with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, the use of maintenance iron dosing regimens, and the reticuloendothelial distribution of hepatic iron deposition likely minimize the potential for iron toxicity in patients on HD. Key Messages: Because no single diagnostic test can, at present, accurately assess iron status and risk for toxicity, clinicians need to take an integrative approach to avoid iron doses that impose excessive exposure while ensuring sufficient replenishment of iron stores capable of overcoming hepcidin blockade and allowing for effective erythropoiesis.