Prenatal Opioid Exposure: Neurodevelopmental Consequences and Future Research Priorities

Author:

Conradt Elisabeth1,Flannery Tess2,Aschner Judy L.34,Annett Robert D.5,Croen Lisa A.6,Duarte Cristiane S.78,Friedman Alexander M.9,Guille Constance10,Hedderson Monique M.6,Hofheimer Julie A.11,Jones Miranda R.12,Ladd-Acosta Christine1213,McGrath Monica12,Moreland Angela14,Neiderhiser Jenae M.15,Nguyen Ruby H.N.16,Posner Jonathan8,Ross Judith L.17,Savitz David A.18,Ondersma Steven J.19,Lester Barry M.2021

Affiliation:

1. Departments of Psychology, Pediatrics, and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;

2. School of Public Health, and

3. Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York;

4. Department of Pediatrics, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Seton Hall University, Nutley, New Jersey;

5. Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi;

6. Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California;

7. New York State Psychiatric Institute,

8. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York;

9. Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York;

10. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and

11. Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;

12. Department of Epidemiology and

13. Wendy Klag Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland;

14. National Crime Victims Research and Treatment Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina;

15. Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania;

16. Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;

17. Department of Pediatrics, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware; and

18. Department of Epidemiology,

19. Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

20. Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk and Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Pediatrics, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island;

21. Women and Infants Hospital in Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island;

Abstract

Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS) has risen in prevalence from 1.2 per 1000 births in 2000 to 5.8 per 1000 births in 2012. Symptoms in neonates may include high-pitched cry, tremors, feeding difficulty, hypertonia, watery stools, and breathing problems. However, little is known about the neurodevelopmental consequences of prenatal opioid exposure in infancy, early childhood, and middle childhood. Even less is known about the cognitive, behavioral, and academic outcomes of children who develop NOWS. We review the state of the literature on the neurodevelopmental consequences of prenatal opioid exposure with a particular focus on studies in which NOWS outcomes were examined. Aiming to reduce the incidence of prenatal opioid exposure in the near future, we highlight the need for large studies with prospectively recruited participants and longitudinal designs, taking into account confounding factors such as socioeconomic status, institutional variations in care, and maternal use of other substances, to independently assess the full impact of NOWS. As a more immediate solution, we provide an agenda for future research that leverages the National Institutes of Health Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes program to address many of the serious methodologic gaps in the literature, and we answer key questions regarding the short- and long-term neurodevelopmental health of children with prenatal opioid exposure.

Publisher

American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)

Subject

Pediatrics, Perinatology, and Child Health

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