1. These paragraphs are a condensing of the prologue to Nicholas J. Cull, The Cold War and the USIA: American Public Diplomacy and Propaganda, 1945–1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
2. On the National Security Act see Charles E. Nue, “The Rise of the National Security Bureaucracy,” in The New American State: Bureaucracies and Policies since World War Two, ed. Louis Galambos (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987)