1. The literature on the Frankish reform movement of the reign of Louis the Pious is vast; for Louis’s ideology of kingship and its connection to the church reform of the earlier part of his reign I have relied most heavily on J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983), three classic articles by
2. Joseph Semmler, “Reichsidee und kirchliche Gesetzgebung bei Ludwigs des Frommen,” ZeitschriftfürKirchengeschichte 71 (1966): 37–65, “Benedictus II. Una regula, una conseutudo,” in Benedictine Culture, 750–1050, ed. W. Lourdaux and D. Verhulst, (Leuven: Lueven University Press, 1989): 1–49, and “Renovatio regni Francorum. Die Herrschaft Ludwigs des Frommen im Frankenreich,” in, Charlemagne’s Heir: New Perspectives on the Reign of Louis the Pious (814–840), ed. Peter Godman and Roger Collins (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990): 125–46, and now Mayke de Jong, The Penitential State: Authority and Atonement in the Age of Louis the Pious, 814–840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009).
3. Thomas F.X. Noble, “The Monastic Ideal as a Model for Empire: the Case of Louis the Pious,” Revue bénédictine 86 (1976): 235–50, and “Louis the Pious and his Piety Reconsidered,” Revue belge de philologie et d’histoire 58 (1980): 297–316.
4. Mayke de Jong, “Carolingian Monasticism: the Power of Prayer,” in The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 2 c. 700—c. 900, ed. Rosamond McKitterick (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995): 622–53; I discuss the relevant texts in more detail in chapter 3.
5. Richard Krautheimer, “Introduction to an ‘Iconography of Medieval Architecture,’” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 5 (1942): 1–33.