1. Quoted in Edward S. Golub, The Limits of Medicine: How Science Shapes Our Hope for the Cure (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1997), 15;
2. see also Alain Corbin, The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the French Social Imagination (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988), 27–29.
3. Beatrice M. Bodart-Bailey, ed., trans., Kaempfer’s Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1999), 266.
4. Quoted in Michael Cooper, ed., They Came to Japan: An Anthology of European Reports on Japan, 1543–1640 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1965), 221.
5. Named kawaya kami, she was reputed a great beauty and would bestow comely children on the housewife that kept the toilet clean and honored her with an annual rite. Yamada Kōichi, Benjo no hanashi, Monogatari mono no kenchiku-shi (Tokyo: Kagoshima Shuppankai, 1986), 72–75;