Hyperelliptic modular curves and isogenies of elliptic curves over quadratic fields

Abstract

We study elliptic curves over quadratic fields with isogenies of certain degrees. Let $n$ be a positive integer such that the modular curve $X_{0}(n)$ is hyperelliptic of genus ${\geqslant}2$ and such that its Jacobian has rank $0$ over $\mathbb{Q}$. We determine all points of $X_{0}(n)$ defined over quadratic fields, and we give a moduli interpretation of these points. We show that, with a finite number of exceptions up to $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$-isomorphism, every elliptic curve over a quadratic field $K$ admitting an $n$-isogeny is $d$-isogenous, for some $d\mid n$, to the twist of its Galois conjugate by a quadratic extension $L$ of $K$. We determine $d$ and $L$ explicitly, and we list all exceptions. As a consequence, again with a finite number of exceptions up to $\overline{\mathbb{Q}}$-isomorphism, all elliptic curves with $n$-isogenies over quadratic fields are in fact $\mathbb{Q}$-curves.