The kinetics and reaction mechanism of the goethite to hematite transformation

Abstract

AbstractA complete mechanism for the transformation goethite to hematite based upon the results of thermogravimetric, transmission electron microscope and X-ray diffraction investigations is presented. A porous microstructure and hematite crystallites in twin orientation are found to develop during transformation. For the main part of the transformation, and at higher temperatures, the reaction is controlled by a two-dimensional phase boundary. Activation energies of 169 ± 8 kJ/mole (for an ore mineral) and 154 ± 15 kJ/mole (for a recent sedimentary goethite) were obtained for this part of the transformation. At early stages and lower temperatures, the mechanism is one of proton/iron transfer across the reaction interface. Important goethite characteristics are grain size, shape, crystallinity and excess water content. The activation energy is found to depend upon temperature and degree of dehydration.