The Global Radiative Energy Budget in MERRA and MERRA-2: Evaluation with Respect to CERES EBAF Data

Abstract

The representation of the long-term radiative energy budgets in NASA’s MERRA and MERRA-2 reanalyses has been evaluated, emphasizing changes associated with the reanalysis system update. Data from the CERES EBAF Edition 2.8 satellite product over 2001–15 were used as a reference. For both MERRA and MERRA-2, the climatological global means of most TOA radiative flux terms agree to within ~3 W m−2 of EBAF. However, MERRA-2’s all-sky reflected shortwave flux is ~7 W m−2 higher than either MERRA or EBAF’s, resulting in a net TOA flux imbalance of −4 W m−2. At the surface, all-sky downward longwave fluxes are problematic for both reanalyses, while high clear-sky downward shortwave fluxes indicate that their atmospheres are too transmissive. Although MERRA-2’s individual all-sky flux terms agree better with EBAF, its net flux agreement is worse (−8.3 vs −3.3 W m−2 for MERRA) because MERRA benefits from cancellation of errors. Analysis by region and surface type gives mixed outcomes. The results consistently indicate that clouds are overrepresented over the tropical oceans in both reanalyses, particularly MERRA-2, and somewhat underrepresented in marine stratocumulus areas. MERRA-2 also exhibits signs of excess cloudiness in the Southern Ocean. Notable discrepancies occur in the polar regions, where the effects of snow and ice cover are important. In most cases, MERRA-2 better represents variability and trends in the global mean radiative fluxes over the period of analysis. Overall, the performance of MERRA-2 relative to MERRA is mixed; there is still room for improvement in the radiative fluxes in this family of reanalysis products.