Why Mean Potential Vorticity Cannot Be Materially Conserved in the Eddying Southern Ocean

Abstract

Abstract Downstream of Drake Passage, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) veers abruptly northward along the continental slope of South America. This spins down the ACC, akin to the western boundary currents of ocean gyres. During this northward excursion, the mean potential vorticity (PV) increases dramatically (decreases in magnitude) by up to a factor of 2 along mean geostrophic streamlines on middepth buoyancy surfaces. This increase is driven by drag near the continental slope, or by breaking eddies further offshore, and is balanced by a remarkably steady, eddy-driven decrease of mean PV along these northern circumpolar streamlines in the open ocean. We show how two related eddy processes that are fundamental to ACC dynamics—poleward buoyancy fluxes and downward fluxes of eastward momentum—are also concomitant with materially forcing PV to increase on the northern flank of a jet at middepth, and decrease on the southern flank. For eddies to drive the required mean PV decrease along northern streamlines, the ACC merges with the subtropical gyres to the north, so these streamlines inhabit the southern flanks of the combined ACC–gyre jets. We support these ideas by analyzing the time-mean PV and its budget along time-mean geostrophic streamlines in the Southern Ocean State Estimate. Our averaging formalism is Eulerian, to match the model’s numerics. The thickness-weighted average is preferable, but its PV budget cannot be balanced using Eulerian 5-day averaged diagnostics, primarily because the z-level buoyancy and continuity equations’ delicate balances are destroyed upon transformation into the buoyancy-coordinate thickness equation. Significance Statement The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is the world’s largest ocean current and a key controller of Earth’s climate. As the westerly winds that drive this current shift poleward under global warming, it is vital to know whether the current will follow. To begin addressing this, we study the current’s fundamental dynamics, and constraints, under present-day conditions. By analyzing angular momentum and stratification together, we show that the current is weakened near boundaries and strengthened by eddies elsewhere. The strengthening effects of eddies are isolated to the current by merging the current with oceanic gyres to the north. This gives a new perspective on why the current travels so far northward alongside South America, and may provide dynamical constraints on future changes.