Attachment of Meandering Reentrant Wave Fronts to Anatomic Obstacles in the Atrium

Abstract

Abstract Acetylcholine chloride (ACh) induces nonstationary meandering reentrant wave fronts in the atrium. We hypothesized that an anatomic obstacle of a suitable size prevents meandering by causing attachment of the reentrant wave front tip to the obstacle. Eight isolated canine right atrial tissues (area, 3.8×3.2 cm) were mounted in a tissue bath and superfused with Tyrode’s solution containing 10 to 15 μmol/L ACh. Holes with 2- to 10-mm diameters were sequentially created in the center of the tissue with biopsy punches. Reentry was induced by a premature stimulus after eight regular stimuli at 400-ms cycle length. The endocardial activation maps and the motion of the induced reentry were visualized dynamically before and after each test lesion using 509 bipolar electrodes. In the absence of a lesion (n=8), the induced single reentrant wave front, in the form of a spiral wave, meandered irregularly from one site to another before terminating at the tissue border. Holes with 2- to 4-mm diameters (n=6) had no effect on meandering. However, when the hole diameters were increased to 6 mm (n=8), 8 mm (n=8), and 10 mm (n=6), the tip of the spiral wave attached to the holes, and reentry became stationary. Transition from meandering to an attached state converted the irregular and polymorphic electrogram to a periodic and monomorphic activity with longer cycle lengths (101±11 versus 131±9 ms for no hole versus 10-mm hole, respectively; P <.001). Regression analysis showed a significant positive linear correlation between the cycle length of the reentry and the hole diameter ( r =.89, P <.01) and between the cycle length of the reentry and the excitable gap ( r =.89, P <.05). We conclude that a critically sized anatomic obstacle converts a nonstationary meandering reentrant wave front to a stationary one. This transition converts an irregular “fibrillation-like” activity into regular monomorphic activity.