1. From the Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine (X.X., L.X., R.E.W., Y.-B.O., R.G.G.) and Department of Surgery (L.W.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (X.X.); and Department of Biology, Westfield State University, Westfield, MA (R.E.W.).