1. From the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Clinical Scholars program (R.M.M.), the Center for Resuscitation Science and Department of Emergency Medicine (R.M.M., L.B.B., B.S.A.), and the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics (R.M.M., D.A.A., P.V.G.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa; and the Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center (D.A.A., P.W.G.), Philadelphia, Pa.