Affiliation:
1. Department of Pharmacy, David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA
2. Department of Cardiology, David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA
3. Clinical Investigations Facility, David Grant Medical Center, Travis AFB, CA
4. Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA
Abstract
Background
Caffeine in doses <400 mg is typically not considered arrhythmogenic, but little is known about the additional ingredients in energy drinks. We evaluated the ECG and blood pressure (
BP
) effects of high‐volume energy drink consumption compared with caffeine alone.
Methods and Results
This was a randomized, double‐blind, controlled, crossover study in 18 young, healthy volunteers. Participants consumed either 946 mL (32 ounces) of energy drink or caffeinated control drink, both of which contained 320 mg of caffeine, separated by a 6‐day washout period.
ECG
, peripheral
BP
, and central
BP
measurements were obtained at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 hours post study drink consumption. The time‐matched, baseline‐adjusted changes were compared. The change in corrected
QT
interval from baseline in the energy drink arm was significantly higher than the caffeine arm at 2 hours (0.44±18.4 ms versus −10.4±14.8 ms, respectively;
P
=0.02). The
QT
c changes were not different at other time points. While both the energy drink and caffeine arms raised systolic
BP
in a similar fashion initially, the systolic
BP
was significantly higher at 6 hours when compared with the caffeine arm (4.72±4.67 mm Hg versus 0.83±6.09 mm Hg, respectively;
P
=0.01). Heart rate, diastolic
BP
, central systolic
BP
, and central diastolic
BP
showed no evidence of a difference between groups at any time point. Post energy drink, augmentation index was lower at 6 hours.
Conclusions
The corrected QT interval and systolic
BP
were significantly higher post high‐volume energy drink consumption when compared with caffeine alone. Larger clinical trials validating these findings and evaluation of noncaffeine ingredients within energy drinks are warranted.
Clinical Trial Registration
URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
02023723.
Publisher
Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Subject
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
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