1. From the Cushing Neurosurgical Outcomes Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (H.H.D., T.R.S., W.B.G., K.U.F., M.A.A.-S., R.D.); and T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA (H.H.D., F.A.).