1. Departments of Cardiac Surgery (M.P.T., J.W.S., H.H., F.D.P., R.L.P., R.B.H., D.S.L. A.D.), Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor.
2. Michigan Value Collaborative, Ann Arbor (M.P.T., H.N.).
3. Surgery (H.N.), Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor.
4. Michigan Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgeons Quality Collaborative, Ann Arbor (F.D.P., P.T., R.L.P., D.S.L.).