1. Lena M. Chen ( ) is an assistant professor in the Department of Internal Medicine and at the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan Health System, and the Center for Healthcare Outcomes and Policy (CHOP), University of Michigan.
2. Edward C. Norton is a professor of health management and policy in the School of Public Health, a professor of economics, a research associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research, and a professor at the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation and at CHOP, University of Michigan Health System and University of Michigan.
3. Mousumi Banerjee is a research professor at the School of Public Health, and the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, and CHOP, University of Michigan Health System and University of Michigan.
4. Scott E. Regenbogen is an assistant professor of surgery, chief of the Division of Colorectal Surgery, and an assistant professor at the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation and CHOP, University of Michigan Health System and University of Michigan.
5. Anne H. Cain-Nielsen is a senior statistician in the Department of Surgery, the Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, and CHOP, University of Michigan Health System and University of Michigan.
6. John D. Birkmeyer was executive vice president of the Dartmouth-Hitchcock Health System, in Lebanon, New Hampshire, at the time this article was written.