New full relativistic escape velocity and new Hubble related equation for the universe

Abstract

The escape velocity derived from general relativity coincides with the Newtonian one. However, the Newtonian escape velocity can only be a good approximation when v ≪ c is sufficient to break free of the gravitational field of a massive body, as it ignores higher-order terms of the relativistic kinetic energy Taylor series expansion. Consequently, it does not work for a gravitational body with a radius at which v is close to c such as a black hole. To address this problem, we revisit the concept of relativistic mass, abandoned by Einstein, and derive what we call a full relativistic escape velocity. This approach leads to a new escape radius, where ve = c equal to a half of the Schwarzschild radius. Furthermore, we show that one can derive the Friedmann equation for a critical universe from the escape velocity formula from general relativity theory. We also derive a new equation for a flat universe based on our full relativistic escape velocity formula. Our alternative to the Friedmann formula predicts exactly twice the mass density in our (critical) universe as the Friedmann equation after it is calibrated to the observed cosmological redshift. Our full relativistic escape velocity formula also appears more consistent with the uniqueness of the Planck mass (particle) than the general relativity theory: whereas the general relativity theory predicts an escape velocity above c for the Planck mass at a radius equal to the Planck length, our model predicts an escape velocity c in this case.