Developing a Basketball Learning Model Using the Teaching Game for Understanding (TGfU) Approach to Improve the Effectiveness of HOTS in Elementary Schools

Abstract

Study purpose. The researcher realizes that not all physical education teachers in elementary schools provide basketball lessons and some teachers still use conventional learning techniques. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a basketball learning model with the TGfU approach to increase HOTS and reduce bullying. Materials and methods. This study used a quantitative approach to test the validity of the content and constructs as well as the effectiveness of the learning model. The experimental subjects in this study were fifth-grade students totaling 165 respondents from 5 elementary schools in Central Java, Indonesia. Data analysis of small-scale trials used Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) path analysis, and that of large-scale trials used Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) path analysis. The paired-samples t-test was used to analyze the effectiveness of HOTS and the reduction of bullying. Results. The result of this study is a basketball learning model that utilizes the TGfU approach to increase HOTS and reduce bullying behavior in the form of a guidebook. Conclusions. The developed model can increase HOTS and reduce bullying and will affect students’ cognitive, affective and psychomotor learning outcomes. So that the learning model is easy, safe, and makes students more enthusiastic about learning.