Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitor Amprenavir after Multiple Oral Dosing

Abstract

ABSTRACT In a dose-ranging study of amprenavir (formerly 141W94), an inhibitor of the protease enzyme of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, single-dose and steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated from plasma samples collected on day 1 and during week 3, respectively. Amprenavir was administered on either a twice-daily (b.i.d.) or three-times-daily dosage schedule to 62 HIV-infected adults, 59 of whom had pharmacokinetic data. Log-log regression analysis (the power model) revealed that the steady-state area under the curve (AUC ss ) and the maximum, minimum, and average concentrations at steady state ( C max,ss , C min,ss , and C avg,ss , respectively) increased in a dose-proportional manner over the 300- to 1,200-mg dose range. Steady-state clearance was dose independent. AUC ss /AUC 0→∞ decreased linearly with dose and correlated significantly with treatment-associated decreases in α 1 -acid glycoprotein. After 3 weeks, the dose of 1,200 mg b.i.d. provided a median amprenavir C min,ss (0.280 μg/ml) that was higher than the median in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration for clinical HIV isolates (0.023 μg/ml), even after adjustment for protein binding. The median amprenavir C min,ss was also greater than the estimated in vivo trough concentration calculated to yield 90% of the maximum antiviral effect (0.228 μg/ml) over 4 weeks. A pharmacodynamic analysis of the relationship between steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters and safety revealed headache and oral numbness to be the only side effects significantly associated with C max . The pharmacodynamic relationship defined in this study supports the use of 1,200 mg b.i.d. as the approved dose of amprenavir.