Modulation of the Substitution Pattern of 5-Aryl-2-Aminoimidazoles Allows Fine-Tuning of Their Antibiofilm Activity Spectrum and Toxicity

Abstract

ABSTRACT We previously synthesized several series of compounds, based on the 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazole scaffold, that showed activity preventing the formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Here, we further studied the activity spectrum of a number of the most active N 1- and 2 N -substituted 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazoles against a broad panel of biofilms formed by monospecies and mixed species of bacteria and fungi. An N 1-substituted compound showed very strong activity against the biofilms formed by Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and the fungus Candida albicans but was previously shown to be toxic against various eukaryotic cell lines. In contrast, 2 N -substituted compounds were nontoxic and active against biofilms formed by Gram-negative bacteria and C. albicans but had reduced activity against biofilms formed by Gram-positive bacteria. In an attempt to develop nontoxic compounds with potent activity against biofilms formed by Gram-positive bacteria for application in antibiofilm coatings for medical implants, we synthesized novel compounds with substituents at both the N 1 and 2 N positions and tested these compounds for antibiofilm activity and toxicity. Interestingly, most of these N 1-,2 N -disubstituted 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazoles showed very strong activity against biofilms formed by Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans in various setups with biofilms formed by monospecies and mixed species but lost activity against biofilms formed by Gram-negative bacteria. In light of application of these compounds as anti-infective coatings on orthopedic implants, toxicity against two bone cell lines and the functionality of these cells were tested. The N 1-,2 N -disubstituted 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazoles in general did not affect the viability of bone cells and even induced calcium deposition. This indicates that modulating the substitution pattern on positions N 1 and 2 N of the 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazole scaffold allows fine-tuning of both the antibiofilm activity spectrum and toxicity.