Insights into the Evolutionary History of an Emerging Livestock Pathogen: Porcine Circovirus 2

Author:

Firth Cadhla1,Charleston Michael A.2,Duffy Siobain1,Shapiro Beth1,Holmes Edward C.13

Affiliation:

1. Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802

2. School of Information Technologies, Sydney Bioinformatics, and Centre for Mathematical Biology, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia

3. Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892

Abstract

ABSTRACT Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the primary etiological agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), one of the most economically important emerging swine diseases worldwide. Virulent PCV2 was first identified following nearly simultaneous outbreaks of PMWS in North America and Europe in the 1990s and has since achieved global distribution. However, the processes responsible for the emergence and spread of PCV2 remain poorly understood. Here, phylogenetic and cophylogenetic inferences were utilized to address key questions on the time scale, processes, and geographic diffusion of emerging PCV2. The results of these analyses suggest that the two genotypes of PCV2 (PCV2a and PCV2b) are likely to have emerged from a common ancestor approximately 100 years ago and have been on independent evolutionary trajectories since that time, despite cocirculating in the same host species and geographic regions. The patterns of geographic movement of PCV2 that we recovered appear to mimic those of the global pig trade and suggest that the movement of asymptomatic animals is likely to have facilitated the rapid spread of virulent PCV2 around the globe. We further estimated the rate of nucleotide substitution for PCV2 to be on the order of 1.2 × 10 −3 substitutions/site/year, the highest yet recorded for a single-stranded DNA virus. This high rate of evolution may allow PCV2 to maintain evolutionary dynamics closer to those of single-stranded RNA viruses than to those of double-stranded DNA viruses, further facilitating the rapid emergence of PCV2 worldwide.

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Virology,Insect Science,Immunology,Microbiology

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