Identification of an NF-κB-Dependent Gene Network in Cells Infected by Mammalian Reovirus

Abstract

ABSTRACT Reovirus infection activates NF-κB, which leads to programmed cell death in cultured cells and in the murine central nervous system. However, little is known about how NF-κB elicits this cellular response. To identify host genes activated by NF-κB following reovirus infection, we used HeLa cells engineered to express a degradation-resistant mutant of IκBα (mIκBα) under the control of an inducible promoter. Induction of mIκBα inhibited the activation of NF-κB and blocked the expression of NF-κB-responsive genes. RNA extracted from infected and uninfected cells was used in high-density oligonucleotide microarrays to examine the expression of constitutively activated genes and reovirus-stimulated genes in the presence and absence of an intact NF-κB signaling axis. Comparison of the microarray profiles revealed that the expression of 176 genes was significantly altered in the presence of mIκBα. Of these genes, 64 were constitutive and not regulated by reovirus, and 112 were induced in response to reovirus infection. NF-κB-regulated genes could be grouped into four distinct gene clusters that were temporally regulated. Gene ontology analysis identified biological processes that were significantly overrepresented in the reovirus-induced genes under NF-κB control. These processes include the antiviral innate immune response, cell proliferation, response to DNA damage, and taxis. Comparison with previously identified NF-κB-dependent gene networks induced by other stimuli, including respiratory syncytial virus, Epstein-Barr virus, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and heart disease, revealed a number of common components, including CCL5/RANTES, CXCL1/GRO-α, TNFAIP3/A20, and interleukin-6. Together, these results suggest a genetic program for reovirus-induced apoptosis involving NF-κB-directed expression of cellular genes that activate death signaling pathways in infected cells.