Affiliation:
1. Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield
2. Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse
3. the United States Geological Survey, Middleton, Wisconsin
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Human enteric viruses can contaminate municipal drinking-water wells, but few studies have examined the routes by which viruses enter these wells. In the present study, the objective was to monitor the municipal wells of La Crosse, Wisconsin, for enteric viruses and determine whether the amount of Mississippi River water infiltrating the wells was related to the frequency of virus detection. From March 2001 to February 2002, one river water site and four wells predicted by hydrogeological modeling to have variable degrees of surface water contributions were sampled monthly for enteric viruses, microbial indicators of sanitary quality, and oxygen and hydrogen isotopes.
18
O/
16
O and
2
H/
1
H ratios were used to determine the level of surface water contributions. All samples were collected prior to chlorination at the wellhead. By reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), 24 of 48 municipal well water samples (50%) were positive for enteric viruses, including enteroviruses, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and noroviruses. Of 12 river water samples, 10 (83%) were virus positive by RT-PCR. Viable enteroviruses were not detected by cell culture in the well samples, although three well samples were positive for culturable HAV. Enteroviruses detected in the wells by RT-PCR were identified as several serotypes of echoviruses and group A and group B coxsackieviruses. None of the well water samples was positive for indicators of sanitary quality, namely male-specific and somatic coliphages, total coliform bacteria,
Escherichia coli
, and fecal enterococci. Contrary to expectations, viruses were found in all wells regardless of the level of surface water contributions. This result suggests that there were other unidentified sources, in addition to surface water, responsible for the contamination.
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Subject
Ecology,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,Food Science,Biotechnology
Reference64 articles.
1. Abbaszadegan, M., M. LeChevallier, and C. Gerba. 2003. Occurrence of viruses in US groundwaters. J. Am. Water Works Assoc.95:107-120.
2. A Strategy for Detection of Viruses in Groundwater by PCR
3. Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs
4. American Public Health Association. 1995. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 19th ed. American Public Health Association Washington D.C.
5. Incidence of Enteric Viruses in Groundwater from Household Wells in Wisconsin
Cited by
114 articles.
订阅此论文施引文献
订阅此论文施引文献,注册后可以免费订阅5篇论文的施引文献,订阅后可以查看论文全部施引文献