Legume Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation byβ-Proteobacteria Is Widespread inNature

Author:

Chen Wen-Ming1,Moulin Lionel2,Bontemps Cyril23,Vandamme Peter4,Béna Gilles2,Boivin-Masson Catherine23

Affiliation:

1. Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Institute of Marine Technology, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan

2. LSTM, IRD-INRA-CIRAD-ENSAM, TA 10/J, Baillarguet, 34 398 Montpellier Cedex 5

3. Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-Organismes, INRA-CNRS, 31 326 Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, France

4. Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium

Abstract

ABSTRACT Following the initial discovery of two legume-nodulating Burkholderia strains (L. Moulin, A. Munive, B. Dreyfus, and C. Boivin-Masson, Nature 411:948-950, 2001), we identified as nitrogen-fixing legume symbionts at least 50 different strains of Burkholderia caribensis and Ralstonia taiwanensis , all belonging to the β-subclass of proteobacteria, thus extending the phylogenetic diversity of the rhizobia. R. taiwanensis was found to represent 93% of the Mimosa isolates in Taiwan, indicating thatβ -proteobacteria can be the specific symbionts of a legume. The nod genes of rhizobial β-proteobacteria (β-rhizobia) are very similar to those of rhizobia from theα -subclass (α-rhizobia), strongly supporting the hypothesis of the unique origin of common nod genes. Theβ -rhizobial nod genes are located on a 0.5-Mb plasmid, together with the nifH gene, in R . taiwanensis and Burkholderia phymatum . Phylogenetic analysis of available nodA gene sequences clustered β-rhizobial sequences in two nodA lineages intertwined with α-rhizobial sequences. On the other hand, theβ -rhizobia were grouped with free-living nitrogen-fixingβ -proteobacteria on the basis of the nifH phylogenetic tree. These findings suggest that β-rhizobia evolved from diazotrophs through multiple lateral nod gene transfers.

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Molecular Biology,Microbiology

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