Punctuated Evolution of Myxoma Virus: Rapid and Disjunct Evolution of a Recent Viral Lineage in Australia

Author:

Kerr Peter J.123,Eden John-Sebastian234,Di Giallonardo Francesca5,Peacock David67,Liu June18,Strive Tanja19,Read Andrew F.101112,Holmes Edward C.23ORCID

Affiliation:

1. CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

2. Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

3. Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

4. Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia

5. The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia

6. Biosecurity SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

7. School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, South Australia, Australia

8. Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

9. Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia

10. Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

11. Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

12. Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA

Abstract

The coevolution of myxoma virus (MYXV) and European rabbits in Australia is one of the most important natural experiments in evolutionary biology, providing insights into virus adaptation to new hosts and the evolution of virulence. Previous studies of MYXV evolution have also shown that the virus evolves both relatively rapidly and in a strongly clock-like manner. Using newly acquired MYXV genome sequences from Australia, we show that the virus has experienced a dramatic change in evolutionary behavior over the last 20 years, with a breakdown in clock-like structure, the appearance of a rapidly evolving virus lineage, and the accumulation of multiple nonsynonymous and indel mutations. We suggest that this punctuated evolutionary event may reflect a change in selection pressures as rabbit numbers declined following the introduction of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus and drought in the geographic regions inhabited by rabbits.

Funder

HHS | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Department of Education and Training | Australian Research Council

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Virology,Insect Science,Immunology,Microbiology

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