Aspergillus fumigatus cytochrome c impacts conidial survival during sterilizing immunity

Abstract

ABSTRACT Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening infection caused by species in the ubiquitous fungal genus Aspergillus . While leukocyte-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical for the clearance of fungal conidia from the lung and resistance to IPA, the processes that govern ROS-dependent fungal cell death remain poorly defined. Using a flow cytometric approach that monitors two independent cell death markers, an endogenous histone H2A:mRFP nuclear integrity reporter and SYTOX Blue (live/dead) stain, we observed that loss of Aspergillus fumigatus cytochrome c ( cycA ) results in reduced susceptibility to cell death from hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) treatment. Consistent with these observations in vitro , loss of cycA confers resistance to both NADPH oxidase-dependent and -independent killing by host leukocytes. Fungal ROS resistance is partly mediated by Bir1, a homolog to survivin in humans, as Bir1 overexpression results in decreased ROS-induced conidial cell death and reduced killing by innate immune cells in vivo . We further report that overexpression of the Bir1 N-terminal BIR domain in A. fumigatus conidia results in altered expression of metabolic genes that functionally converge on mitochondrial function and cytochrome c ( cycA ) activity. Together, these studies demonstrate that cycA in A. fumigatus contributes to cell death responses that are induced by exogenous H 2 O 2 and by host leukocytes. IMPORTANCE Aspergillus fumigatus can cause a life-threatening infection known as invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), which is marked by fungus-attributable mortality rates of 20%–30%. Individuals at risk for IPA harbor genetic mutations or incur pharmacologic defects that impair myeloid cell numbers and/or function, exemplified by bone marrow transplant recipients, patients that receive corticosteroid therapy, or patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). However, treatments for Aspergillus infections remain limited, and resistance to the few existing drug classes is emerging. Recently, the World Health Organization classified A. fumigatus as a critical priority fungal pathogen. Our cell death research identifies an important aspect of fungal biology that impacts susceptibility to leukocyte killing. Furthering our understanding of mechanisms that mediate the outcome of fungal-leukocyte interactions will increase our understanding of both the underlying fungal biology governing cell death and innate immune evasion strategies utilized during mammalian infection pathogenesis. Consequently, our studies are a critical step toward leveraging these mechanisms for novel therapeutic advances.