Affiliation:
1. Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Department of Limnology of Stratified Lakes, Alte Fischerhütte 2, 16775 Stechlin, Germany
2. Federal Environmental Agency, 14195 Berlin, Germany
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Neurotoxic paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, anatoxin-a (ATX), and hepatotoxic cylindrospermopsin (CYN) have been detected in several lakes in northeast Germany during the last 2 decades. They are produced worldwide by members of the nostocalean genera
Anabaena
,
Cylindrospermopsis
, and
Aphanizomenon
. Although no additional sources of PSP toxins and ATX have been identified in German water bodies to date, the observed CYN concentrations cannot be produced solely by
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae
, the only known CYN producer in Germany. Therefore, we attempted to identify PSP toxin, ATX, and CYN producers by isolating and characterizing 92
Anabaena, Aphanizomenon
, and
Anabaenopsis
strains from five lakes in northeast Germany. In a polyphasic approach, all strains were morphologically and phylogenetically classified and then tested for PSP toxins, ATX, and CYN by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and screened for the presence of PSP toxin- and CYN-encoding gene fragments. As demonstrated by ELISA and LC-MS, 14
Aphanizomenon gracile
strains from Lakes Melang and Scharmützel produced four PSP toxin variants (gonyautoxin 5 [GTX5], decarbamoylsaxitoxin [dcSTX], saxitoxin [STX], and neosaxitoxin [NEO]). GTX5 was the most prevalent PSP toxin variant among the seven strains from Lake Scharmützel, and NEO was the most prevalent among the seven strains from Lake Melang. The
sxtA
gene, which is part of the saxitoxin gene cluster, was found in the 14 PSP toxin-producing
A. gracile
strains and in 11 non-PSP toxin-producing
Aphanizomenon issatschenkoi
,
A. flos-aquae
,
Anabaena planktonica
, and
Anabaenopsis elenkinii
strains. ATX and CYN were not detected in any of the isolated strains. This study is the first confirming the role of
A. gracile
as a PSP toxin producer in German water bodies.
Publisher
American Society for Microbiology
Subject
Ecology,Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology,Food Science,Biotechnology
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