Fungal Morphogenesis, from the Polarized Growth of Hyphae to Complex Reproduction and Infection Structures

Author:

Riquelme Meritxell1ORCID,Aguirre Jesús2,Bartnicki-García Salomon1,Braus Gerhard H.3,Feldbrügge Michael4,Fleig Ursula5,Hansberg Wilhelm2,Herrera-Estrella Alfredo6,Kämper Jörg7,Kück Ulrich8,Mouriño-Pérez Rosa R.1,Takeshita Norio9,Fischer Reinhard7

Affiliation:

1. Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico

2. Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico

3. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany

4. Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany

5. Institute for Functional Genomics of Microorganisms, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany

6. Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico

7. Karlsruhe Institute of Technology—South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany

8. Ruhr University Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Bochum, Germany

9. University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan

Abstract

SUMMARY Filamentous fungi constitute a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that grow by forming simple tube-like hyphae that are capable of differentiating into more-complex morphological structures and distinct cell types. Hyphae form filamentous networks by extending at their tips while branching in subapical regions. Rapid tip elongation requires massive membrane insertion and extension of the rigid chitin-containing cell wall. This process is sustained by a continuous flow of secretory vesicles that depends on the coordinated action of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons and the corresponding motors and associated proteins. Vesicles transport cell wall-synthesizing enzymes and accumulate in a special structure, the Spitzenkörper, before traveling further and fusing with the tip membrane. The place of vesicle fusion and growth direction are enabled and defined by the position of the Spitzenkörper, the so-called cell end markers, and other proteins involved in the exocytic process. Also important for tip extension is membrane recycling by endocytosis via early endosomes, which function as multipurpose transport vehicles for mRNA, septins, ribosomes, and peroxisomes. Cell integrity, hyphal branching, and morphogenesis are all processes that are largely dependent on vesicle and cytoskeleton dynamics. When hyphae differentiate structures for asexual or sexual reproduction or to mediate interspecies interactions, the hyphal basic cellular machinery may be reprogrammed through the synthesis of new proteins and/or the modification of protein activity. Although some transcriptional networks involved in such reprogramming of hyphae are well studied in several model filamentous fungi, clear connections between these networks and known determinants of hyphal morphogenesis are yet to be established.

Funder

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Molecular Biology,Microbiology,Infectious Diseases

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