Low 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with total adiposity, metabolic syndrome, and hypertension in Caucasian children and adolescents

Abstract

ObjectivesEvidence of the association between vitamin D and cardiovascular risk factors in the young is limited. We therefore assessed the relationships between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25(OH)D3) and metabolic syndrome (MetS), its components, and early atherosclerotic changes in 452 (304 overweight/obese and 148 healthy, normal weight) Caucasian children.MethodsWe determined serum 25(OH)D3concentrations in relation to MetS, its components (central obesity, hypertension, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, hypertriglyceridemia, glucose impairment, and/or insulin resistance (IR)), and impairment of flow-mediated vasodilatation (FMD) and increased carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) – two markers of subclinical atherosclerosis.ResultsHigher 25(OH)D3was significantly associated with a reduced presence of MetS. Obesity, central obesity, hypertension, hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL-cholesterol, IR, and MetS were all associated with increased odds of having low 25(OH)D3levels, after adjustment for age, sex, and Tanner stage. After additional adjustment for SDS-body mass index, elevated blood pressure (BP) and MetS remained significantly associated with low vitamin D status. The adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for those in the lowest (<17 ng/ml) compared with the highest tertile (>27 ng/ml) of 25(OH)D3for hypertension was 1.72 (1.02–2.92), and for MetS, it was 2.30 (1.20–4.40). A similar pattern of association between 25(OH)D3, high BP, and MetS was observed when models were adjusted for waist circumference. No correlation was found between 25(OH)D3concentrations and either FMD or cIMT.ConclusionsLow 25(OH)D3levels in Caucasian children are inversely related to total adiposity, MetS, and hypertension.