Round-trip motion of air-rich bubbles exhaled from a vapor-rich bubble generated at a local heating point

Abstract

In this study, the round-trip motion of air-rich bubbles exhaled from a water vapor-rich bubble was investigated. The local heating of non-degassed water produced a vapor-rich bubble with a maximum diameter of 9 μm, which intermittently exhaled air-rich bubbles with a radius of less than 1 μm. The exhaled air-rich bubbles initially moved away from the heat source; however, as the air-rich bubbles fused and grew larger, they returned to the heat source and fused with the vapor-rich bubble. This round-trip motion of the air-rich bubbles is explained by the balance between the Marangoni and quasi-steady drag forces induced on the bubbles. As the quasi-steady drag force is approximately proportional to the bubble radius and the Marangoni force is proportional to the square of the bubble radius, a larger bubble correlates with a greater effect of the Marangoni force. To produce a quasi-steady drag force that can balance the increased Marangoni force, air-rich bubbles were attracted to the heat source against the flow created by the vapor-rich bubble. These results provide insight into the stabilization of water-vapor-rich microbubbles in non-degassed water, which can generate strong flows on the order of 1 m/s.