An Overview on Ruthenium Oxide Composites – Challenging Material for Energy Storage Applications

Abstract

Ruthenium oxides owing to their high specific capacitance have been widely identified as promising materials for electrochemical charge storage devices. However, high priced ruthenium precursors restrict their commercial usage. Accordingly, numerous explorations investigated the influences on capacitive behavior of ruthenium oxide on blending with varied materials like other metal oxides, activated carbons, conducting polymers, CNTs and functionalized graphene systems as composites. The aim had been to optimize the material cost without compromising with but improving the composite electrochemical performances. The scientific explorations reveal that the overall specific capacitance of composites is a strongly related to the ruthenium oxide (RuO2) present in the system since it is the main electro-active material providing the Faradaic pseudocapacitances besides the electrical double layer contributions from the base carbon component of the composite. Major progress in the theoretical and practical research and development in this particular field has enviced a large number of research articles and technical reports in the recent past. The current investigations focus on utilizing minimum amount of metal in the composite; upholding the synergistic effect from the metal oxide and the support (carbon materials generally) to obtain better electrochemical signatures. Optimization of important factors leading to reduced nanostructure agglomeration, minimum electrostatic resistance and ultrafast proton/electrons diffusion through the hollow porous structures may ultimately result to the theoretically expected specific capacitance. Nonetheless, to the best of knowledge of the author, there is no systematic review available pertaining to recent advancement of the composites of RuO2. Thus, this overview categorically narrates recent progresses on the fabrication, performances and achievements of ruthenium oxide composite as electrode material in energy storage applications which will be beneficial especially to the newcomers in this field of research.