The Kinematics and Excitation of Infrared Water Vapor Emission from Planet-forming Disks: Results from Spectrally Resolved Surveys and Guidelines for JWST Spectra

Abstract

Abstract This work presents ground-based spectrally resolved water emission at R = 30,000–100,000 over infrared wavelengths covered by the JWST (2.9–12.8 μm). Two new surveys with iSHELL and the VISIR are combined with previous spectra from the CRIRES to cover parts of multiple rovibrational and rotational bands observable within telluric transmission bands, for a total of ≈160 spectra and 85 disks (30 of which are JWST targets in Cycle 1). The general expectation of a range of regions and excitation conditions traced by infrared water spectra is for the first time supported by the combined kinematics and excitation as spectrally resolved at multiple wavelengths. The main findings from this analysis are: (1) water lines are progressively narrower from the rovibrational bands at 2–9 μm to the rotational lines at 12 μm, and partly match broad and narrow emission components, respectively, as extracted from rovibrational CO spectra; (2) rotation diagrams of resolved water lines from upper-level energies of 4000–9500 K show vertical spread and curvatures indicative of optically thick emission (≈1018 cm−2) from a range of excitation temperatures (≈800–1100 K); and (3) the new 5 μm spectra demonstrate that slab model fits to the rotational lines at >10 μm strongly overpredict the rovibrational emission bands at <9 μm, implying vibrational excitation not in thermodynamic equilibrium. We discuss these findings in the context of emission from a disk surface and a molecular inner disk wind, and provide a list of guidelines to support the analysis of spectrally unresolved JWST spectra.