Destruction of Refractory Carbon Grains Drives the Final Stage of Protoplanetary Disk Chemistry

Abstract

Abstract Here we aim to explore the origin of the strong C2H lines to reimagine the chemistry of protoplanetary disks. There are a few key aspects that drive our analysis. First, C2H is detected in young and old systems, hinting at a long-lived chemistry. Second, as a radical, C2H is rapidly destroyed, within <1000 yr. These two statements hint that the chemistry responsible for C2H emission must be predominantly in the gas phase and must be in equilibrium. Combining new and published chemical models, we find that elevating the total volatile (gas and ice) C/O ratio is the only natural way to create a long-lived, high C2H abundance. Most of the C2H resides in gas with an F UV/n gas ∼ 10−7 G 0 cm3. To elevate the volatile C/O ratio, additional carbon has to be released into the gas to enable equilibrium chemistry under oxygen-poor conditions. Photoablation of carbon-rich grains seems the most straightforward way to elevate the C/O ratio above 1.5, powering a long-lived equilibrium cycle. The regions at which the conditions are optimal for the presence of high C/O ratio and elevated C2H abundances in the gas disk set by the F UV/n gas condition lie just outside the pebble disk as well as possibly in disk gaps. This process can thus also explain the (hints of) structure seen in C2H observations.