Cosmographic Parameters in Model-independent Approaches

Abstract

Abstract The cosmographic approach, a Taylor expansion of the Hubble function, has been used as a model-independent method to investigate the evolution of the universe in the presence of cosmological data. Apart from possible technical problems like the radius of convergence, there is an ongoing debate about the tensions that appear when one investigates some high-redshift cosmological data. In this work, we consider two common data sets, namely, Type Ia supernovae (Pantheon sample) and the Hubble data, to investigate advantages and disadvantages of the cosmographic approach. To do this, we obtain the evolution of cosmographic functions using the cosmographic method, as well as two other well-known model-independent approaches, namely, the Gaussian process and the genetic algorithm. We also assume a ΛCDM model as the concordance model to compare the results of mentioned approaches. Our results indicate that the results of cosmography compared with the other approaches are not exact enough. Considering the Hubble data, which are less certain, the results of q 0 and j 0 obtained in cosmography provide a tension at more than 3σ away from the best result of ΛCDM. Assuming both of the data samples in different approaches, we show that the cosmographic approach, because it provides some biased results, is not the best approach for reconstruction of cosmographic functions, especially at higher redshifts.