1. Information literacy skill building integrated into one or more courses embedding within activities and assignments across the course content. Barnard Nash and O'Brien (2005) Dorner Taylor and Hodson-Carlton (2001) Jacobs Rosenfeld and Haber (2003) Morgan Fogel Hicks Wright and Tyler (2007) Shorten Wallace and Crookes (2001)
2. Standalone for-credit course using face-to-face or online format focused on the research process bibliographic instruction and issues related to the use of information sources. Burkhardt (2007) Scales and Lindsay (2005) Owusu-Ansah (2004)
3. Campus-wide program focused on faculty-librarian communication and relationships to facilitate knowledge use and integration of up-to-date library resources. Black Crest and Volland (2003)
4. The what and who of information literacy and critical thinking in higher education;Albitz R. S.;Libraries and the Academy,2007
5. American Library Association. (1989). American Library Association Presidential committee on information literacy: Final report (Document ID: 126315). Retrieved from www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/ acrl/publications/whitepapers/presidential.cfm