Freeze-drying processes and wind erodibility of a clay loam soil in southern Alberta

Abstract

Freeze-drying has been implicated as a factor causing soil aggregate breakdown on the Canadian Prairies and northern Great Plains. Aggregates of a Dark Brown Chernozemic clay loam soil sampled in October 1993 and January and April 1994 were subjected to repeated cycles of wetting (to 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 kg kg−1 water contents) freezing, and freeze-drying under laboratory conditions. The October 1993 samples showed less disruption when initially exposed to freeze-drying cycles compared to samples taken in January and April 1994. Using regression analysis, we predicted that 31 freeze-dry cycles were required for the 0.1 kg kg−1 water content aggregates to reach 60% erodible fraction (EF, % aggregates <0.86 mm), 9 cycles for the 0.2 kg kg−1 aggregates and 2 for 0.3 kg kg−1 aggregates. In a field study, conducted over the 1994–1995 winter on a similar clay loam soil, we estimated the number of freeze-drying cycles using large vapour pressure (VPL) and small vapour pressure (VPS) gradients between the soil surface (which had a mean winter water content of ~0.1 kg kg−1) and the atmosphere. With solar energy adjustments, we predicted that the number of freeze-dry cycles required for the soil to reach 60% EF was 60 for VPL and 37 for VPS conditions. The latter number was similar to the 31 cycles predicted in the laboratory study of aggregates at 0.1 water content. Our results demonstrate that freeze-drying is an important overwinter process in the breakdown of soil aggregates and hence wind erosion risk in the Canadian prairie region. Key words: Freeze-drying, wind erosion, erodible fraction