Optimizing Asymmetric Native Knee Flexion Gap Balance Promotes Superior Outcomes in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

Abstract

Introduction: Replicating native knee kinematics remains the ultimate goal of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Technology, such as robotics, provides robust intraoperative data; however, no evidence-based targets currently exist for improved clinical outcomes. Furthermore, some surgeons target a rectangular flexion space in TKA unlike the native knee. This study evaluated the effect of in vivo flexion gap asymmetry on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in contemporary TKA. Methods: In vivo tibiofemoral joint space dimensions were measured during 129 TKAs using a calibrated tension device before and after complete posterior cruciate ligament resection. PROMs were compared based on the final dimensions and the change in flexion gap dimensions at 90° of flexion: (1) equal laxity, (2) lateral laxity, and (3) medial laxity. Groups did not differ by demographics (P ≥ 0.347), clinical follow-up (P = 0.134), tibiofemoral alignment (P = 0.498), or preoperative PROMs (P ≥ 0.093). Mean follow-up for the cohort was 1.5 years (range, 1-3). Results: Pain with climbing stairs, pain while standing upright, and knees “always feeling normal” scores were superior for patients with equal or lateral laxity compared with medial laxity (P ≤ 0.064). Pain with level walking, University of California Los Angeles activity level, KOOS JR, and satisfaction scores also tended to be superior for patients with equal or lateral laxity, although it lacked statistical significance (P ≥ 0.111). Discussion: Results of this study suggest that patients with either an equally tensioned rectangular flexion space or with later-flexion lateral laxity after posterior cruciate ligament resection may achieve superior PROMs. Findings support the clinical benefit of facilitating posterolateral femoral roll back in flexion, which mimics native knee kinematics and further helps define targets for advanced technology.