Sensitivity of Phacidiopycnis spp. Isolates from Pome Fruit to Six Pre- and Postharvest Fungicides

Abstract

Phacidiopycnis washingtonensis and P. pyri cause speck rot and Phacidiopycnis rot on apple and pear, respectively. Infection occurs in the orchard and remains latent, and symptoms appear after months of storage. Decay management relies on orchard sanitation and pre- and postharvest fungicides. In a 2017 survey, speck rot accounted for 6.4% of apple decay in central Washington, whereas Phacidiopycnis rot accounted for 3.9 and 6.7% of total pear decay in Washington and Oregon, respectively. Sensitivities of baseline populations of 110 P. washingtonensis and 76 P. pyri isolates collected between 2003 and 2005 to preharvest fungicides pyraclostrobin (PYRA) and boscalid (BOSC) and to postharvest fungicides thiabendazole (TBZ), fludioxonil (FDL), pyrimethanil (PYRI), and difenoconazole (DFC) were evaluated using a mycelial growth inhibition assay. Mean effective concentrations necessary to inhibit 50% growth (EC50) of P. washingtonensis were 0.1, 0.3, 0.8, 1.8, 2.1, and 4.8 µg/ml for FDL, PYRI, TBZ, DFC, PYRA, and BOSC, respectively. Respective mean EC50 values for P. pyri were 0.2, 0.6, 1.6, 1.1, 0.4, and 1.8 µg/ml. The sensitivity of exposed P. washingtonensis and P. pyri populations collected in 2017 revealed potential shifts toward BOSC and PYRA resistance. The efficacy of the six fungicides to control isolates of each pathogen with different in vitro sensitivity levels was evaluated on apple and pear fruit. FDL, DFC, and PYRI controlled both Phacidiopycnis spp. regardless of their EC50 values after 5 months of storage at 0°C in a regular atmosphere. The consistent occurrence of Phacidiopycnis spp. will require continuous monitoring and development of disease management strategies based on fungicide phenotypes and efficacy of existing fungicides assessed herein.