Natamycin, a New Biofungicide for Managing Crown Rot of Strawberry Caused by QoI-Resistant Colletotrichum acutatum

Abstract

Anthracnose crown rot of strawberry, caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, is an important disease affecting California nursery and fruit production. Preplant dip treatments of transplants with fludioxonil-cyprodinil or azoxystrobin are industry standards for managing the disease and have been used extensively. Following reports of reduced efficacy of azoxystrobin in the field, high levels of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) resistance were detected in California isolates of the pathogen. Resistance was associated with the G143A mutation in the cytochrome b gene, similar to a previous report from Florida, and there were no detected fitness penalties in pathogenicity or virulence. Therefore, several alternative fungicides were investigated in laboratory and field studies. Subsequently, the new biofungicide natamycin was identified. Baseline sensitivities of 74 isolates of C. acutatum to natamycin were determined to be unimodal, with a range from 0.526 to 1.996 μg/ml (mean 0.973 μg/ml). Although this toxicity was considerably lower than that of azoxystrobin (using sensitive isolates), fludioxonil, or cyprodinil, dip treatments of transplants with natamycin (at 500 or 1000 mg/liter) were highly effective. Disease severity and plant mortality in field studies with inoculated transplants were reduced to similarly low levels as treatments containing fludioxonil, whereas azoxystrobin failed in inoculations with QoI-resistant isolates of C. acutatum. Fruit yield was also significantly increased by natamycin as compared with the inoculated control. Differences in disease susceptibility were observed among cultivars evaluated, with Monterey and Portola more susceptible than Fronteras. Natamycin has a unique mode of action that is different from other fungicides registered on strawberry and, based on this research, was registered in the United States as a preplant, biofungicide dip treatment of strawberry transplants for management of anthracnose crown rot.