ToxA Is Present in the U.S. Bipolaris sorokiniana Population and Is a Significant Virulence Factor on Wheat Harboring Tsn1

Abstract

ToxA, a necrotrophic effector originally identified from the tan spot fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis in 1987, was subsequently identified from Parastagonospora nodorum in 2006. More recently, the ToxA gene was identified in the spot blotch fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana in Australia. Here we show that the ToxA gene is also present in the B. sorokiniana population in the winter wheat region of southcentral Texas. Leaves from ‘Duster’ wheat showing strong necrotic lesions were collected in Castroville, TX. Fifteen single-spore isolates were collected from separate lesions, and 13 of them harbored the BsToxA gene and secreted ToxA in culture based on sensitivity of BG261, the differential line containing the dominant ToxA sensitivity gene, Tsn1. Four isolates harboring BsToxA and one deficient in BsToxA were used to infiltrate two wheat lines harboring Tsn1 as well as their corresponding tsn1 mutant lines. Culture filtrates of the isolate lacking BsToxA did not induce necrosis on any of the lines. Culture filtrates of the four BsToxA-containing isolates induced necrosis on the wild type (Tsn1) lines but not on the corresponding tsn1 mutant lines. Sensitivity to these culture filtrates also mapped to the previously identified location for Tsn1 in the winter wheat mapping population Arina × Forno. Inoculation of one of these ToxA-producing isolates on the same population showed that the Tsn1 locus accounted for 24.4% of the disease variation. All 13 isolates harbored the same BsToxA nucleotide sequence, which was identical to one of the two haplotypes previously identified in Australia. Sensitivity to ToxA is prevalent in popular hard winter wheat cultivars in the central and southcentral winter wheat regions of the United States, showing the potential of a selective advantage for B. sorokiniana isolates that harbor the ToxA gene.