Author:
Gerber Bernhard L,Raman Subha V,Nayak Krishna,Epstein Frederick H,Ferreira Pedro,Axel Leon,Kraitchman Dara L
Abstract
Abstract
In less than two decades, first-pass perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has undergone a wide range of changes with the development and availability of improved hardware, software, and contrast agents, in concert with a better understanding of the mechanisms of contrast enhancement. The following review provides a perspective of the historical development of first-pass CMR, the developments in pulse sequence design and contrast agents, the relevant animal models used in early preclinical studies, the mechanism of artifacts, the differences between 1.5T and 3T scanning, and the relevant clinical applications and protocols. This comprehensive overview includes a summary of the past clinical performance of first-pass perfusion CMR and current clinical applications using state-of-the-art methodologies.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine,Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging,Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
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