Preoperative SPECT/CT + intraoperative CT fusion enabling surgical augmented reality to target sentinel lymph node in endometrial cancer

Abstract

Abstract Purpose To establish a proof-of-concept study using a phantom model to allow the fusion of preoperative single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) combined with computed tomography (CT), also known as SPECT/CT, with intraoperative CT, enabling the application of an augmented reality (AR) surgical guidance system for pelvic sentinel lymph node (SLN) detection in endometrial cancer patients. Methods A three-dimensional (3D) pelvic phantom model printed in a gelatin-based scaffold including a radiopaque pelvis, a vascular tree mimicking the iliac vessels, two 3D-printed fillable spheres representing the target pelvic sentinel lymph nodes, and a calibration board was developed. A planar with SPECT/CT lymphoscintigraphy and CT were performed independently on the model. We performed all the necessary steps to achieve the fusion between SPECT/CT and CT. Then, we performed a laparoscopy of the pelvic anatomy on the phantom model to assess in real time the overlay of the recording on the anatomical structures and AR guidance system performance. Results We have successfully completed all the steps needed to fuse the two imaging procedures. This allowed us to apply, in real time, our surgical guidance system with the coverage rate of the visible surface by the augmented reality surface, respectively, on the left SLN 99.48% and on the right SLN 99.42%. Conclusion Co-registration and real-time fusion between a preoperative SPECT/CT and intraoperative CT are feasible. The metric performance of our guidance system is excellent in relation to possible SPECT/CT and CT fusion. Based on our results, we are able to translate the technology to patients, and we initiated a clinical study to evaluate the accuracy of the AR guidance system for endometrial cancer surgery, with a correlation with indocyanine green (ICG)-based technique, representing the gold standard today in the intraoperative detection of SLN in endometrial cancers, despite various limitations.