Regulatory mechanisms of autophagy on DHA and carotenoid accumulation in Crypthecodinium sp. SUN

Abstract

Abstract Background Autophagy is a crucial process of cellular self-destruction and component reutilization that can affect the accumulation of total fatty acids (TFAs) and carotenoids in microalgae. The regulatory effects of autophagy process in a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and carotenoids simultaneously producing microalga, Crypthecodinium sp. SUN, has not been studied. Thus, the autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine (MA)) and activator (rapamycin) were used to regulate autophagy in Crypthecodinium sp. SUN. Results The inhibition of autophagy by 3-MA was verified by transmission electron microscopy, with fewer autophagy vacuoles observed. Besides, 3-MA reduced the glucose absorption and intracellular acetyl-CoA level, which resulting in the decrease of TFA and DHA levels by 15.83 and 26.73% respectively; Surprisingly, 3-MA increased intracellular reactive oxygen species level but decreased the carotenoids level. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the downregulation of the glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and tricarboxylic acid cycle may underlie the decrease of acetyl-CoA, NADPH and ATP supply for fatty acid biosynthesis; the downregulation of PSY and HMGCR may underlie the decreased carotenoids level. In addition, the class I PI3K-AKT signaling pathway may be crucial for the regulation of carbon and energy metabolism. At last, rapamycin was used to activate autophagy, which significantly enhanced the cell growth and TFA level and eventually resulted in 1.70-fold increase in DHA content. Conclusions Our findings indicate the mechanisms of autophagy in Crypthecodinium sp. SUN and highlight a way to manipulate cell metabolism by regulating autophagy. Overall, this study provides valuable insights to guide further research on autophagy-regulated TFA and carotenoids accumulation in Crypthecodinium sp. SUN.