Enteric etiological surveillance in acute diarrhea stool of United States Military Personnel on deployment in Thailand, 2013–2017

Abstract

Abstract Background Diarrhea remains a major public health problem for both civilian and military populations. This study describes the prevalence of acute diarrheal illness etiological agents, their antibiotic resistance distribution patterns, the resulting impact upon military force health protection, and potential prevention and treatment strategies. Results Forty-eight acute diarrhea stool samples from US military personnel deployed to Thailand from 2013–2017 were screened for enteric pathogens using ELISA, the TaqMan Array Card (TAC), and conventional microbiological methods. These isolates were also evaluated using antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) against ampicillin (AMP), azithromycin (AZM), ceftriaxone (CRO), ciprofloxacin (CIP), nalidixic acid (NA), erythromycin (ERY), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (SXT) using commercial methodology. Susceptibility results were interpreted following the CLSI and NARM guidelines. Questionnaire data obtained from 47/48 volunteers indicated that 89.4% (42/47) reported eating local food and the most common clinical symptoms were nausea and abdominal pain (51%; 24/47). Multiple bacterial species were identified from the 48 stool samples with diarrhea etiological agents being detected in 79% (38/48) of the samples distributed as follows: 43.8% (21/48) Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter species, 42% (20/48) diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, and 23% (11/48) Salmonella. Co-infections were detected in 46% (22/48) of the samples. All C. jejuni isolates were resistant to CIP and NA. One C. jejuni isolate exhibited resistance to both AZM and ERY. Lastly, an association between exposure to poultry and subsequent detection of the diarrhea-associated pathogens E. coli and P. shigelloides was significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion The detection of Campylobacter isolates with CIP, AZM and ERY resistance has critical force health protection and public health implications, as these data should guide effective Campylobacteriosis treatment options for deployed military members and travelers to Southeast Asia. Additional research efforts are recommended to determine the association of pathogen co-infections and/or other contributing factors towards diarrheal disease in military and traveler populations. Ongoing surveillance and AST profiling of potential disease-causing bacteria is required for effective disease prevention efforts and treatment strategies.