A blood–brain barrier overview on structure, function, impairment, and biomarkers of integrity

Author:

Kadry Hossam,Noorani Behnam,Cucullo LucaORCID

Abstract

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier is playing a critical role in controlling the influx and efflux of biological substances essential for the brain’s metabolic activity as well as neuronal function. Thus, the functional and structural integrity of the BBB is pivotal to maintain the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. The different cells and structures contributing to developing this barrier are summarized along with the different functions that BBB plays at the brain–blood interface. We also explained the role of shear stress in maintaining BBB integrity. Furthermore, we elaborated on the clinical aspects that correlate between BBB disruption and different neurological and pathological conditions. Finally, we discussed several biomarkers that can help to assess the BBB permeability and integrity in-vitro or in-vivo and briefly explain their advantages and disadvantages.

Funder

National Institute on Drug Abuse

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience,Developmental Neuroscience,Neurology,General Medicine

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