Inhibition of human carboxylesterases by ginsenosides: structure–activity relationships and inhibitory mechanism

Abstract

Abstract Background Human carboxylesterases (hCES) are key serine hydrolases responsible for the hydrolysis of a wide range of endogenous and xenobiotic esters. Although it has been reported that some ginsenosides can modulate the activities of various enzymes, the inhibitory effects of ginsenosides on hCES have not been well-investigated. Methods In this study, more than 20 ginsenosides were collected and their inhibitory effects on hCES1A and hCES2A were assayed using the highly specific fluorescent probe substrates for each isoenzyme. Molecular docking simulations were also performed to investigate the interactions between ginsenosides and hCES. Results Among all tested ginsenosides, Dammarenediol II (DM) and 20S-O-β-(d-glucosyl)-dammarenediol II (DMG) displayed potent inhibition against both hCES1A and hCES2A, while protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) exhibited strong inhibition on hCES2A and high selectivity over hCES1A. Introduction of O-glycosyl groups at the core skeleton decreased hCES inhibition activity, while the hydroxyl groups at different sites might also effect hCES inhibition. Inhibition kinetic analyses demonstrated that DM and DMG functioned as competitive inhibitors against hCES1A-mediated d-luciferin methyl ester (DME) hydrolysis. In contrast, DM, DMG, PPD and PPT inhibit hCES2A-mediated fluorescein diacetate (FD) hydrolysis via a mixed manner. Conclusion The structure–inhibition relationships of ginsenosides as hCES inhibitors was investigated for the first time. Our results revealed that DM and DMG were potent inhibitors against both hCES1A and hCES2A, while PPD and PPT were selective and strong inhibitors against hCES2A.