Abstract
AbstractVaccination has transformed public health, most notably including the eradication of smallpox. Despite its profound historical importance, little is known of the origins and diversity of the viruses used in smallpox vaccination. Prior to the twentieth century, the method, source and origin of smallpox vaccinations remained unstandardised and opaque. We reconstruct and analyse viral vaccine genomes associated with smallpox vaccination from historical artefacts. Significantly, we recover viral molecules through non-destructive sampling of historical materials lacking signs of biological residues. We use the authenticated ancient genomes to reveal the evolutionary relationships of smallpox vaccination viruses within the poxviruses as a whole.
Funder
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada
Ontario Genomics Institute
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Australian Research Council
Wellcome Trust
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Canadian Foundation for Innovation
Genome Canada
Red Wilson
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
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